LOVE YOU MESSAGE FOR DAD

I am  indeed blessed to have 
Some one like you as my father 
I'd like to thank you for every thing you are my hero dad ........I LOVE YOU SO MUCH 

khadgam nuvvu nuvvu song lyrics

 నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వు 

నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వే నువ్వు 

నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వు 

నువ్వు నువ్వు నువ్వే నువ్వు 

నాలోనే నువ్వు నాతోనే నువ్వు

నాచుతూ  నువ్వు 

నేనంత నువ్వు 

నాపెదవి ఫై నా నువ్వు 

నా మేఅడ వంపున నువ్వు 

నా గుండె ఫై నా నువ్వు 

వొల్లంత నువ్వు 

బుగ్గలో నువ్వు ముధాలే నువ్వు 

నిదురలో నువ్వు పొడల్లె నువ్వు 

ప్రేతి నిమిషం నువ్వు 

నవ్వయసును వేదించే వేచాదనం నువ్వు 

నా మనసున్ను లల్లించి చల్లదనం నువ్వు 

ఫై తే బర్రువ్వని పించే పచిధానం నువ్వు 

బయట పదాలని పించే పిచిధానం నువ్వు 

నా ప్రతి యుధమం నువ్వు నా సిఎంయం నువ్వు 

నా ప్రియ సత్రువ్వునువ్వు నువ్వు 

మెథనీ ముల్లిగిలి తొలి చినుకీ నువ్వు 

నచీ కష్టం నువ్వు నువ్వు 

నా సిగ్గును ధచ్కొనే కోగిల్లివే నువ్వు 

నా వన్నె దోచుక్కొనే  కోరికవే నువ్వు 

మున్ని పంటితో నన్ను గిచే నీరనివి నువ్వు 

నా  నడుమ్మును నడిపించే నేస్తనివ్వి నువ్వు 

తెయ్యనీ గాయం చేసే అన్యాయం నువ్వు 

అఇఎన ఎస్తం నువ్వు 

మైమరిపిస్తూ నువ్వు 

ముర్రిపిస్తుంటే నువ్వు 

నీ కోర్రుకొనే నా మారరు జన్మ నువ్వు 

కైపెక్కిస్తునువ్వు కవ్విస్తుంటే నువ్వు 

నా కే తెలియని నా కొత్త పెర్రు నువ్వు 

నా అందం నువ్వు ఆనందం నువ్వు 

నేనంటే నువ్వు 

నా పంతం నువ్వు 

నా అంతం నువ్వు 

నేన్నంటే నువ్వు..... వ్వు .....వ్వు   

FRUIT

 CLASSIFICATION  OF FRUITS
     Fruits 2  types  1)False fruits  2)True fruits
     True fruits are 3 types   1)Simple fruits  2)Aggregate fruits 3)Composite fruits.
     Composite fruits are 2  types   1) Sorosis  2)syconus.   
     Simple fruits are 2 types  1)Fleshy fruits  2)Dry fruits .
     Dry fruits are 3 types 1)Dehiscent  2)Indehiscent  3)Schizocarpic . 

    1) Fleshy fruits                                                  
                         1.Berry                                          

                         2.pome                                           

                         3.pepo                                             

                         4.Hesperidium                                                                

                         5.Drupe   


2)DRY FRUITS  a) Dehiscent            b)Indehiscent             c)Schizocarpic 
                                 1.Legume                 1. Caryopsis              1. Lomentum
                                 2. Capsule                2. Cypsela                 2. Schizocarp  
                                                                   3. Nut
1) FALSE FRUITS
                             These fruits are developed from any part of the flower along with the ovary . These floral  parts form a major part of the fruit . Flase fruits are always associated with a true fruit.
                             In pyrus malus , the thalamus grows along with the ovary to form a fleashy false fruit In Anacardium occidentlis the pedicel develops into a juicy succulent false fruit .


2) TRUE FRUITS
                               These fruits are  developed from fertilized ovaries . The true fruit has two parts namely, the fruit wall and the seed . 

CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTKINGDOM

CLASSIFICATION OF PLANT KINGDOM


                     All the plants belonging to various groups are classified under kingdom plantae or plant kingdom .


                    Based  on the system of classification proposed by A.W.EICHLER(1875 -78) , the plant kingdom is divided into two sub - kingdoms . They are : 1. Cryptogamae . 2. Phanerogamae.


CRYPTOGAMAE (cryptogams)


                The cryptogams are flowerless (non-flowering)and seedless , spore bearing plants . This sub-kingdom is sub-divided into three divisions:


(a) Thallophyta (b) Bryphyta (c) pteridophyta


A. THALLOPHYTA (thallophytes): Thallophyta is the most primitive and the largest division of Cryptogams. The plant body is not differentiated into root , stem and leaves and such a plant body is termed as thallus . The thalloid plant body is either unicellular or multicellular.


     The division thallophyta is classified  into two sub - divitions: (1) Algae and (2) Fungi


1. ALGAE


             Alage are chlorophyll bearing thalloid , autotrophic and largely  aqutotrophic and largely aquatic (fresh water and marine water) plants . They also occur in a variety of other habitats:moist stones ,soils wood .they are unicellular also occur in association wiht fungi to form Lichens.
                                  EXAMPLE: Spirogyra .


(2)FUNGI


             fungi are achlorophyllous (non-green) heterotrophic thallophytes . They live as saprophytes with algae to form lichens. Some fungi grown in close association with roots o f vascular plants forming mycorrhizae.
                 EXAMPEL:Rhizopus.


B . BRYOPHTA(Bryophytes): Bryophytes are chlophytes are are chlorophyllous , autotrophic, embryophic  and atracheophytic cryptogams.They are mostly found  on damp and shady places. They are called  amphibians of plant kingdom.
                           exampel;Funaria.


C.PTERIDOPHYTA(pteridophytes):  Pteridophytes are chlorophyllous, autotrophic embryophytic and tracheophytic cryptogams. They are the non flowering plants possesing vascular tissues . Hence they are called VASCULAR CRYPTOGAMS.
                                  EXAMPEL:pteris.


1PHANEROGAMAE(phanerogams)  
                                       
           phanerogams are flower bearing ,seed producing  tracheoptytes . This sub kingdom has only one division SPERMATOPHYTA.
1) Gymnospermae and  2) Angiospermae 


1) GYMNOSPERMAE (gymnosperms): Gymnosperms are phanerogams or spermatophytes without ovary and fruit . The seeds are naked without a fruit wall.
       EXAMPEL:cycas , pinus , Gnetum.


2)ANGIOSPERMAE(angiosperms):Angiosperms are the flowering plants in which the seeds are enclosed by fruits.The angiosperms are divided into two classes :the dicotyledons and the monocotylesons . 
DICOTYLEDONS : They have two cotyledon in their seeds . 
    exampel: Maize , sorghum ,etc .

MARKETING APTITUDE

INTRODUCTION

                       A market-focused, or customer-focused, organisation first determines what its potential customers desire, and then builds the product/service. Marketing theory and practice is justified in the belief that customers use a product/service because they have a need, or because a product/service has a perceived benefit.

Two major factors of marketing are the recruitment of new customers(acquisition) and the retention and expansion of relationships with existing customers(base management).

Once a marketer has converted the prospective buyer, base management shifts the marketer to building a relationship, nurturing the links, enhancing the benefits that sold the buyer in the first place and improving the product/ service continuously to protect the business from competitive encroachments.


Marketing methods are informed by many of the social sciences, particularly psychology, sociology and economics. Anthropology is also a small, but growing influence. Market research underpins these activities. Through advertising, it is also related to many of the creative arts.


For a marketing plan to be successful, the mix of the four "p's" must reflect the wants and desires of the consumers in the target market. Trying to convince a market segment to buy something they don't want is extremely expensive and seldom successful. Marketers depend on marketing research , both formal and informal, to determine what consumers wants and what they are willing to pay for it. Marketers hope that this process will given them a sustainable competitive advantage.  Marketing management is the practical application of this process . The offer is also an important addition to the 4p's theory.


Within most organisations, the activities encompassed by the marketing function are led by a 
vice president or Director of marketing. A growing number of organisations, especially large US companies, have a chief Marketing Officer position, reporting to the Chief Executive Officer.




                                                                   HISTORY


The practice of marketing is almost as old as humanity itself. A Market was originally simply a gathering place where people with a supply of items or capacity to perform a service could meet with those who might desire the items or services , perhaps at a pre-arranged time.


Such meetings embodied many aspects of today's marketing methods , although sometimes in an informal way .Sellers and buyers sought to understand each other's needs , capacities ,and psychology,all with the goal of getting the exchange of items or services to take place.


The rise of agriculture undoubtedly influenced markets as the earliest means of 'mass production' of an item, namely foodstuffs . As agriculture allowed one to grow more food than could be eaten by the grower alone ,and most food is perishable ,there was likely motivation to seek out others who could use the excess food, before it spoiled ,in exchange for other items.


In 1960 Theodore Levitt wrote a journal article called Marketing Myopia . This is said to have really begun the marketing craze . In it he discussed that the big manufacturing industries at the time were misinterpreting what industry they were part of .He stated that until you fully understood the industry you were part of  you were likely to fail . For example the rail industry was not in the business of rail transport but in the industry of transport in general they were still competing with the like of cars and public transport .


Levitt is said to be one of the founders of the marketing discipline, and contributed to the making of the 4ps  framework that transactional marketing is based around.


relationship marketing is a form of marketing that evolved from direct response marketing in the 1960 s and emerged in the1980s , in which emphasis is placed on building longer term relationships with customers rather than on individual transactions. It involves understanding the customer's needs as they go through  their life cycles. It emphasizes providing a range of products or services to existing customers as they need them .


Phillip kotler introduced 1917 societal marketing which is an enlightened  concept that holds that a company should make good marketing decisions by consumers'wants, the company's requirements and society long run interests . These efforts now known as corporate social Responsibility.

LIMITATIONS OF ACCOUNTING

The following are the main limitations of accounting :-

1) RECORDS : Accounting records only monetary transactions.

2) NO EFFECT OF PRICE-LEVEL CHANGE :-Accounting transactions are recorded at cost in the books. The effect of price-Level changes is not brought into the books with the that comparison of the various years becomes difficult.

3) LACK OF INFORMATION :- Accounting information may not be totally reliable as accounting statements are prepared by following basic concepts and conventions are used worldwide . For example , going concern concept gives us an idea that the business will continue and the assets are to be actually realizable . Similarly , by following the principle of conservatism the financial statements will not reflect the position of the business.

4)PERSONAL BIAS :-Accounting statements are influenced by the personal judgement of the accountant . If such judgement is based on integrity and competency of the accountant , will definitely affect the preparation of accounting statement.


5) ASSETS ARE RECORDED AT COST :-According to cost concept, assets mainly fixed tangible assets  are recorded at cost at which they are acquired. change in Market  value of the Assets is not considered.

ADVANTAGES OF ACCOUNTING

The following are the main advantages of accounting :- 


1) ASSISTANCE TO MANAGEMENT :- Accounting aids management by providing such information that will enable it to do its work properly. This information helps the management in planning, decision-making and controlling the business.


2) ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE OF THE BUSINESS :-Accounting keeps proper and systematic record of all the business transactions. Income statements are prepared with these records and we able to know the profit earned and the loss suffered by the business.


3) ASSESSING THE FINANCIAL STATUS OF THE BUSINESS :-Financial position of the business is displayed through position statement i.e. Balance sheet of the business. The statement is prepared at the end of the accounting year and reflects the true position of assets and liabilities of the business on a particular date.


4) COMPARATIVE STUDY :- A systematic record will enable a business to make comparison between the current year and the previous year, the year before and so on. By  making comparative study the business can locate significant factors leading to change, if any.  


5) EVIDENCE IN COURT :-  According records can also be used as an evidence in the court to substantiate claim of the business. The records are based on documentary proof. Authentic vouchers support every entry. this why, the court accept these records as evidence. 


6) HELP IN TAXATION MATTERS:- Income Tax and sales Tax authorities could be convinced about the taxable income or actual turnover (sales),as the case may be,with the help of written records.


7) SALE OF BUSINESS:- In case the businessman wants to sell his business he can ascertain the proper purchase price by the help of maintaining systematic records.


8) PROVIDES INFORMATION TO INTERESTED GROUPS:- Various interested parties or groups like owners,creditors, management,employees, government and consumers are interested in accounting information related to various aspect viz. sales , production, profit etc.


9) FOR BANK LOAN / RAISING FINANCE FROM MARKET.


10) FOR LICENSING - EXPORT / IMPORT.

Branches of Accounting

Accounting can be broadly classified into three categories:-
1) Financial Accounting
2)Management Accounting
3)Cost accounting


1) FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING :- It is the form of accounting. It is mainly confined to the preparation of financial statements for the use of outsiders like creditors, debenture-holders, Bank and Financial Institutions.
           The main purpose of financial accounting is to ascertain profit or loss during specified period, to show financial condition of the business on a particular date and to have the firm's property.


2) MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING :- It is accounting for the management i.e.,accounting which provides necessary information to the management for discharging its functions. It covers all arrangements and combinations or adjustments of the orthodox information to provide the chief executive with the information from which he can control the business, e.g., information about funds, costs, profits etc.


3)COST ACCOUNTING :- Cost accounting is the process of accounting for costs. It is a systematic procedure for determining the unit cost of output produced or services rendered. The primary functions of cost accounting are to ascertain the cost of a product and to help the management in the control of the cost.
                            It is the provision of such analysis and classification of expenditure as it will enable the total cost of any particular unit of production or service to be ascertained with reasonable degree of accuracy and at the same time to disclose exactly how such total cost is constituted(i.e. the value of material used, the amount of labour  and other expenses incurred) so as to control and reduce its cost.  

LEARN WEB DESIGNING

STARTING WITH HTML

Web pages are ordinary files with "htm" or "html" file extensions. They contains a code named "hyper text made up language" or html. This codes when viewed in a browsers like Internet Explorer or firefox or other web browsers will be seen as a web page. Web pages you see in a browser might seem simple, but the code under the web page may sometimes be complicated.

To design an html web page you have two options:

• You can use a web page editor like Microsoft FrontPage, Abode Dreanweaver or similar to create web pages. Webpage editor software words like Microsoft Word (a complicated editor program used for creating and editing pages of books and letters etc). You just type text ,insert graphics and finally save your document as an html web page. WEB page design software will generate the html code in background and saves it in html file. Designing web pages in such software can be very easy. But if you are going to create dynamic, well designed, professional web pages you will find that this is not a good option. A professional web developer need to understand the html code itself very well.
• Second option is to learn html codes and write html pages in a simple text editor. As mentioned earlier, your codes will be seen as Webpages when viewed in a web browser. After you have learned html code and you are confident about your HTML knowledge, you can use web designing software like Dreamweaver to speed up the process of editing pages.

Reasons why we should write HTML code(second option)

• If you want to design professional web pages, using web page design software alone will not be enough. You must be familiar with html codes to perform small modifications to the generated code. Code generated by these software packages is sometimes big and chaotic and maintaining such code is difficult. You will need to modify the code and optimize it or even write the code without their help.
• If you want to design dynamic web pages(as in most of the websites) you will need to know html codes to be able to generate it programmatically.
• If you want to use forms in your pages to send information to your own or someone else's server and return result pages back to browser you will need to know html codes.

Remaining in next post

1)What is Accounting?
Answer:   Although Accounting is used by almost all the persons and institutions but accounting, as an organised activity, is associated with business everyday. A systematic record of all the transactions is essential for every business so that profit of business and its financial position may be correctly ascertained for a business, accounting is called the "LANGUAGE OF BUSINESS".


2)How do we define accounting?
Answer: According to 'American Accounting Association' ACCOUNTING IS THE PROCESS OF IDENTIFYING, MEASURING AND COMMUNICATING ECONOMIC INFORMATION TO PERMIT INFORMED JUDGMENTS AND DECISIONS BY USERS OF THE INFORMATION.
According to this definition, accounting is a processing system whose input is financial transaction and output is financial statements communicating various informations to various interested group, Thus we can conclude:-

   1 . Accounting is a process of comprising:-

      a)  recording of transactions, 
      b)classifying and summarizing of transactions,
      c)interpreting,
      d)communicating.
  2 . Accounting requires transactions to be expressed in terms of money.
  3 . Accounting is not confined only to recording but also related to interpreting the results.
  4 . Accounting helps in communicating information to various groups interested in them. 


3) What are the functions and objectives of Accounting?
Answer: 1)To keep SYSTEMATIC RECORDS - Accounting is done to keep a systematic records of financial transactions.
              2)To protect BUSINESS PROPERTIES - Accounting provides protection to business properties from unjustified and unwanted use. This is possible on account of accounting supplying the following information to the manager or the proprietor:-
                     a) The amount of the proprietor's funds invested in the business.
                     b) How much the business has to pay to others?
                     c) How much the business has to recover from others?
                     d) How much the business has in the form of:

                           *Fixed assets.

                           *Cash in hand.

                           *Cash at bank.

                           *Stock of raw materials, work-in-progress and finished goods.


              3)To ascertain the operational profit and loss:- Accounting helps in ascertaining the net profit earned or loss suffered on account of carrying the business. This is done by keeping a proper record of revenues and expenses of a particular period. The Profit and Loss account is prepared at the end of a period and if the amount of revenue for the period is more than the expenditure incurred in earning that revenue, there is said to be a profit. In case the expenditure exceeds the revenue, there is said to be a loss.
    
              4)To ascertain the financial position of the business:- The Balance sheet is a statement of assets and liabilities of the business on a particular date. It serves as a barometer for ascertaining the financial health of the business.


              5)To facilitate rational decision-making:- According these days has taken upon itself the task of collection, analysis and reporting of information at the required points of time to the required levels of authority in order to facilitate rational decision-making.


              6)To communicate the results:- Accounting communicates the results obtained from arranging of data to interested parties like Investors,Creditors,Employees etc.


              7)To meet legal requirements:- The last objective of accounting is to device such a system which will meet the requirements under the provisions of Sales Tax Act, and Excise Act etc.

Quantitative Aptitude FOR M.B.A Entrance

INTRODUCTION


PATTERN OF QUESTIONS


                     In CAT, the distributing of questions for Quantitative Ability Section are as follows

• 'Problem solving' contains 45-50 questions on Algebra/Probability/Arithmetic/Mensuration/Plane Geometry/Trigonometry/Co-ordinate Geometry/Set Theory.
• 'Data Interpretation' contains 20 questions on tabulation/charts/graphs, 10-12 questions on Analytical Reasoning, 5-8 questions on data Sufficiency

                     Time alloted for Quantitative Ability section is 55-60 min


            In XLRI, the distribution pattern is nearly the same as the CAT , except that the weightage on Analytical reasoning is sometimes made more by incorporating more number of questions.
            In FMS/MAT , the pattern is similar to the CAT , except that the time pressure is not as much as the CAT.